ПРОБЛЕМА ОПЕРАЦІОНАЛІЗАЦІЇ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОГО БЛАГОПОЛУЧЧЯ ОСОБИСТОСТІ
Ключові слова:
суб’єктивне благополуччя, гедонічне благополуччя, евдемонічне благополуччя, евдемонія, гедонія
Анотація
У роботі зауважується, що переживання благополуччя особистістю широко визнається дослідниками в якості одного з ключових, якщо не головного результативного показника в поведінкових науках, а наукове товариство так і не змогло дійти до консенсусу як його вимірювати. Така ситуація призводить до суперечливих результатів та ускладнює порівняння результатів різних досліджень. Операціоналізація психологічного благополуччя має значну практичну цінність для всієї галузі психології, оскільки дослідження показали, що різноманітні індикатори благополуччя по-різному реагують на зовнішні фактори та психологічні втручання. Історично дебати стосуються відмінностей між гедонічними та евдемонічними підходами. Ця дискусія має як наукові, так і морально-етичні аспекти. Згідно з першим підходом існує консенсус та стверджується, що благополучна особа задоволена життям, має високий рівень позитивних емоцій та низький негативних. На відміну від існуючих моделей евдемонічного благополуччя, що пропонують різну кількість її складових компонентів, які фактично нічим не обмежені та допускають практично будь-яку операціоналізацію. В статті показано, що, незважаючи на традиційну теоретичну відмінність між цими підходами, багато сучасних емпіричних досліджень переконливо демонструють, що їх показники вимірюють одну й ту саму психологічну конструкцію, незалежно від того, як ми її називаємо. Дослідження показують, що вони тісно пов’язані та переживаються особистістю одночасно, але при цьому люди можуть їх диференціювати. Формулюється загальний висновок, що показники гедонічного і евдемонічного благополуччя характеризують загальний єдиний фактор вищого порядку, який має різноманітні групи проявів більш нижчого рівня. Як альтернативу пропонується дослідникам розглянути евдемонічне благополуччя як причину гедонічного. Згідно з таким підходом лише суб’єктивне благополуччя є власне «благополуччям», а змінні, які входять у різні визначення евдемонії, коректніше вважати його предикторами. Це положення знаходить свій подальший розвиток у моделі евдемонічної активності К. Шелдона.
Посилання
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2. Brickman P., Campbell D. Hedonic relativism and planning the good society. Adaptation level theory: A symposium. New York, 1971. P. 287–302.
3. Busseri M. A. Examining the structure of subjective well-being through meta-analysis of the associations among positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences. 2018. Vol. 122. P. 68–71. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.003
4. Diener E. Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin. 1984. Vol. 95, no. 3. P. 542–575. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542.
5. Diener E., Diener C. Governments testing well-being initiatives. APS Observer. URL: http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/governments-testing-well-being-initiatives 6. Different types of well-being? A cross-cultural examination of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being / D. J. Disabato et al. Psychological Assessment. 2016. Vol. 28, no. 5. P. 471–482. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000209
7. Dunn K. J., McCray G. The Place of the Bifactor Model in Confirmatory Factor Analysis Investigations Into Construct Dimensionality in Language Testing. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020. Vol. 11. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01357
8. Easterlin R. Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence. Nations and Households in Economic Growth / ed. by P. David, M. Reder. New York, 1974. P. 89–125. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-205050-3.50008-7
9. Evaluation of the mental health continuum–short form (MHC–SF) in setswana-speaking South Africans / C. L. M. Keyes et al. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 2008. Vol. 15, no. 3. P. 181–192. URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.572
10. Extremera N., Rey L. Ability emotional intelligence and life satisfaction: Positive and negative affect as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016. Vol. 102. P. 98–101. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.051.
11. Fisher C. D. Conceptualizing and measuring wellbeing at work. Work and wellbeing / ed. by P. Y. Chen, C. L. Cooper. 2014. P. 9–33. URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell018
12. Fredrickson B. L. The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist. 2001. Vol. 56, no. 3. P. 218–226. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.218
13. Gallagher M. W., Lopez S. J., Preacher K. J. The Hierarchical Structure of Well-Being. Journal of Personality. 2009. Vol. 77, no. 4. P. 1025–1050. URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00573.x.
14. Haybron D. M. Happiness, the Self and Human Flourishing. Utilitas. 2008. Vol. 20, no. 1. P. 21–49. URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953820807002889.
15. Henriques G., Kleinman K., Asselin C. The Nested Model of Well-Being: A Unified Approach. Review of General Psychology. 2014. Vol. 18, no. 1. P. 7–18. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036288
16. How Is Emotional Intelligence Linked to Life Satisfaction? The Mediating Role of Social Support, Positive Affect and Negative Affect / F. Kong et al. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2019. Vol. 20, no. 8. P. 2733–2745. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-00069-4
17. Huta V., Waterman A. S. Eudaimonia and Its Distinction from Hedonia: Developing a Classification and Terminology for Understanding Conceptual and Operational Definitions. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2014. Vol. 15, no. 6. P. 1425–1456. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9485-0
18. Jayawickreme E., Tsukayama E., Kashdan T. B. Examining the effect of affect on life satisfaction judgments: A within-person perspective. Journal of Research in Personality. 2017. Vol. 68. P. 32–37. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2017.04.005
19. Jovanović V., Joshanloo M. The Contribution of Positive and Negative Affect to Life Satisfaction across Age. Applied Research in Quality of Life. 2021. Vol. 17. P. 511–524. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-020-09903-5
20. Kashdan T. B., Biswas-Diener R., King L. A. Reconsidering happiness: the costs of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2008. Vol. 3, no. 4. P. 219–233. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802303044
21. Keyes C. L. M. Social Well-Being. Social Psychology Quarterly. 1998. Vol. 61, no. 2. P. 121–140. URL: https://doi.org/10.2307/2787065
22. Linton M. J., Dieppe P., Medina-Lara A. Review of 99 self-report measures for assessing well-being in adults: exploring dimensions of well-being and developments over time. BMJ Open. 2016. Vol. 6, no. 7. P. e010641. URL: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010641
23. Maddux J. E. Subjective well- being and life satisfaction: An introduction to conceptions, theories, and measures. Subjective Well-Being and Life Satisfaction / ed. by J. E. Maddux. New York, 2018. P. 3–31
24. Martela F., Sheldon K. M. Clarifying the Concept of Well-Being: Psychological Need Satisfaction as the Common Core Connecting Eudaimonic and Subjective Well-Being. Review of General Psychology. 2019. Vol. 23, no. 4. P. 458–474. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268019880886
25. Measuring happiness: The higher order factor structure of subjective and psychological well-being measures / P. A. Linley et al. Personality and Individual Differences. 2009. Vol. 47, no. 8. P. 878–884. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.010
26. Robitschek C., Keyes C. L. M. Keyes’s model of mental health with personal growth initiative as a parsimonious predictor. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2009. Vol. 56, no. 2. P. 321–329. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013954
27. Ruini C., Ryff C. D. Using Eudaimonic Well-being to Improve Lives. The Wiley Handbook of Positive Clinical Psychology. Chichester, UK, 2016. P. 153–166. URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118468197.ch11
28. Ryan R. M., Deci E. L. Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. Guilford Publications, 2017.
29. Ryff C. D. Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advances in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2014. Vol. 83, no. 1. P. 10–28. URL: https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
30. Schimmack U. Methodological issues in the assessment of the affective component of subjective well-being. Oxford handbook of methods in positive psychology / ed. by A. D. Ong, M. H. M. van Dulmen. 2007. P. 96–110.
31. Seligman M. E. P. Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being. Free Press, 2011.
32. Sheldon K. M. Putting eudaimonia in its place: On the predictor, not the outcome, side of the equation. Handbook of eudaimonic wellbeing / ed. by J. Vittersø. New York, 2016. P. 531–541. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_36
33. Tatarkiewicz W. Analysis of happiness. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976. 356 p.
34. Tay L., Kuykendall L. Why Self-Reports of Happiness and Sadness May Not Necessarily Contradict Bipolarity: A Psychometric Review and Proposal. Emotion Review. 2016. Vol. 9, no. 2. P. 146–154. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916637656
35. The effect of mood on judgments of subjective well-being: Nine tests of the judgment model / S. C. Y. Yap et al. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2017. Vol. 113, no. 6. P. 939–961. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000115.
36. Tov W. Well-being concepts and components. Handbook of well-being / ed. by E. Diener, S. Oishi, L. Tay. Salt Lake City, 2018. URL: http://nobascholar.com
37. Two Concepts or Two Approaches? A Bifactor Analysis of Psychological and Subjective Well-Being / F. F. Chen et al. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2013. Vol. 14, no. 3. P. 1033–1068. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9367-x
38. van Zyl L. E., Rothmann S. Towards happiness interventions: construct clarification and intervention methodologies. Journal of Psychology in Africa. 2014. Vol. 24, no. 4. P. 327–341. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.980621
39. Waterman A. S. Reconsidering happiness: a eudaimonist’s perspective. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2008. Vol. 3, no. 4. P. 234–252. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802303002
40. Waterman A. S. Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1993. Vol. 64, no. 4. P. 678–691. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678
41. Weinberg M. K., Seton C., Cameron N. The Measurement of Subjective Wellbeing: Item-Order Effects in the Personal Wellbeing Index–Adult. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2016. Vol. 19, no. 1. P. 315–332. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9822-1
42. Wilson W. R. Correlates of avowed happiness. Psychological Bulletin. 1967. Vol. 67, no. 4. P. 294–306. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024431
2. Brickman P., Campbell D. Hedonic relativism and planning the good society. Adaptation level theory: A symposium. New York, 1971. P. 287–302.
3. Busseri M. A. Examining the structure of subjective well-being through meta-analysis of the associations among positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences. 2018. Vol. 122. P. 68–71. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.003
4. Diener E. Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin. 1984. Vol. 95, no. 3. P. 542–575. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542.
5. Diener E., Diener C. Governments testing well-being initiatives. APS Observer. URL: http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/governments-testing-well-being-initiatives 6. Different types of well-being? A cross-cultural examination of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being / D. J. Disabato et al. Psychological Assessment. 2016. Vol. 28, no. 5. P. 471–482. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000209
7. Dunn K. J., McCray G. The Place of the Bifactor Model in Confirmatory Factor Analysis Investigations Into Construct Dimensionality in Language Testing. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020. Vol. 11. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01357
8. Easterlin R. Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence. Nations and Households in Economic Growth / ed. by P. David, M. Reder. New York, 1974. P. 89–125. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-205050-3.50008-7
9. Evaluation of the mental health continuum–short form (MHC–SF) in setswana-speaking South Africans / C. L. M. Keyes et al. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 2008. Vol. 15, no. 3. P. 181–192. URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.572
10. Extremera N., Rey L. Ability emotional intelligence and life satisfaction: Positive and negative affect as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016. Vol. 102. P. 98–101. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.051.
11. Fisher C. D. Conceptualizing and measuring wellbeing at work. Work and wellbeing / ed. by P. Y. Chen, C. L. Cooper. 2014. P. 9–33. URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell018
12. Fredrickson B. L. The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist. 2001. Vol. 56, no. 3. P. 218–226. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.218
13. Gallagher M. W., Lopez S. J., Preacher K. J. The Hierarchical Structure of Well-Being. Journal of Personality. 2009. Vol. 77, no. 4. P. 1025–1050. URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00573.x.
14. Haybron D. M. Happiness, the Self and Human Flourishing. Utilitas. 2008. Vol. 20, no. 1. P. 21–49. URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953820807002889.
15. Henriques G., Kleinman K., Asselin C. The Nested Model of Well-Being: A Unified Approach. Review of General Psychology. 2014. Vol. 18, no. 1. P. 7–18. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036288
16. How Is Emotional Intelligence Linked to Life Satisfaction? The Mediating Role of Social Support, Positive Affect and Negative Affect / F. Kong et al. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2019. Vol. 20, no. 8. P. 2733–2745. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-00069-4
17. Huta V., Waterman A. S. Eudaimonia and Its Distinction from Hedonia: Developing a Classification and Terminology for Understanding Conceptual and Operational Definitions. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2014. Vol. 15, no. 6. P. 1425–1456. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9485-0
18. Jayawickreme E., Tsukayama E., Kashdan T. B. Examining the effect of affect on life satisfaction judgments: A within-person perspective. Journal of Research in Personality. 2017. Vol. 68. P. 32–37. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2017.04.005
19. Jovanović V., Joshanloo M. The Contribution of Positive and Negative Affect to Life Satisfaction across Age. Applied Research in Quality of Life. 2021. Vol. 17. P. 511–524. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-020-09903-5
20. Kashdan T. B., Biswas-Diener R., King L. A. Reconsidering happiness: the costs of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2008. Vol. 3, no. 4. P. 219–233. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802303044
21. Keyes C. L. M. Social Well-Being. Social Psychology Quarterly. 1998. Vol. 61, no. 2. P. 121–140. URL: https://doi.org/10.2307/2787065
22. Linton M. J., Dieppe P., Medina-Lara A. Review of 99 self-report measures for assessing well-being in adults: exploring dimensions of well-being and developments over time. BMJ Open. 2016. Vol. 6, no. 7. P. e010641. URL: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010641
23. Maddux J. E. Subjective well- being and life satisfaction: An introduction to conceptions, theories, and measures. Subjective Well-Being and Life Satisfaction / ed. by J. E. Maddux. New York, 2018. P. 3–31
24. Martela F., Sheldon K. M. Clarifying the Concept of Well-Being: Psychological Need Satisfaction as the Common Core Connecting Eudaimonic and Subjective Well-Being. Review of General Psychology. 2019. Vol. 23, no. 4. P. 458–474. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268019880886
25. Measuring happiness: The higher order factor structure of subjective and psychological well-being measures / P. A. Linley et al. Personality and Individual Differences. 2009. Vol. 47, no. 8. P. 878–884. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.010
26. Robitschek C., Keyes C. L. M. Keyes’s model of mental health with personal growth initiative as a parsimonious predictor. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2009. Vol. 56, no. 2. P. 321–329. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013954
27. Ruini C., Ryff C. D. Using Eudaimonic Well-being to Improve Lives. The Wiley Handbook of Positive Clinical Psychology. Chichester, UK, 2016. P. 153–166. URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118468197.ch11
28. Ryan R. M., Deci E. L. Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. Guilford Publications, 2017.
29. Ryff C. D. Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advances in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2014. Vol. 83, no. 1. P. 10–28. URL: https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
30. Schimmack U. Methodological issues in the assessment of the affective component of subjective well-being. Oxford handbook of methods in positive psychology / ed. by A. D. Ong, M. H. M. van Dulmen. 2007. P. 96–110.
31. Seligman M. E. P. Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being. Free Press, 2011.
32. Sheldon K. M. Putting eudaimonia in its place: On the predictor, not the outcome, side of the equation. Handbook of eudaimonic wellbeing / ed. by J. Vittersø. New York, 2016. P. 531–541. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_36
33. Tatarkiewicz W. Analysis of happiness. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976. 356 p.
34. Tay L., Kuykendall L. Why Self-Reports of Happiness and Sadness May Not Necessarily Contradict Bipolarity: A Psychometric Review and Proposal. Emotion Review. 2016. Vol. 9, no. 2. P. 146–154. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916637656
35. The effect of mood on judgments of subjective well-being: Nine tests of the judgment model / S. C. Y. Yap et al. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2017. Vol. 113, no. 6. P. 939–961. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000115.
36. Tov W. Well-being concepts and components. Handbook of well-being / ed. by E. Diener, S. Oishi, L. Tay. Salt Lake City, 2018. URL: http://nobascholar.com
37. Two Concepts or Two Approaches? A Bifactor Analysis of Psychological and Subjective Well-Being / F. F. Chen et al. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2013. Vol. 14, no. 3. P. 1033–1068. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9367-x
38. van Zyl L. E., Rothmann S. Towards happiness interventions: construct clarification and intervention methodologies. Journal of Psychology in Africa. 2014. Vol. 24, no. 4. P. 327–341. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.980621
39. Waterman A. S. Reconsidering happiness: a eudaimonist’s perspective. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2008. Vol. 3, no. 4. P. 234–252. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802303002
40. Waterman A. S. Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1993. Vol. 64, no. 4. P. 678–691. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678
41. Weinberg M. K., Seton C., Cameron N. The Measurement of Subjective Wellbeing: Item-Order Effects in the Personal Wellbeing Index–Adult. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2016. Vol. 19, no. 1. P. 315–332. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9822-1
42. Wilson W. R. Correlates of avowed happiness. Psychological Bulletin. 1967. Vol. 67, no. 4. P. 294–306. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024431
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